### History of Mathematics Homework 4

History of Mathematics
Homework 4
Ethan Bolker
March 1, 2014
This homework is due on Thursday, March 6 .
Note: I’ve used some new (to you) LATEX idioms in this document. Learn
them. Make sure to submit LATEX source with your assignment – preferably as
part of the pdf, as here.
1. Write a short essay synthesizing what you learned about mathematics and
the history of mathematics from our work on the parallel postulate. Please
make this interesting for me to read. Don’t just write a summary with
names, dates and theorems. Consider telling me what was hard, what was
easy, what was fun, what you would have liked more or less of, how the
material connects to what you knew and to what you hope to know.
2. Positional notation
In class this week we stumbled into a discussion of positional notation in
our exploration of the history of the search for big primes.
(a) The invention of positional notation is an important milestone in the
history of mathematics.1 Find out a little bit about it, and write a
paragraph or two about something you find particularly interesting.
wiki/Positional_notation but then dig deeper about some part
that intrigues you.
(b) Read the short essay at http://www.cs.umb.edu/~eb/370/hw4/ssegm.
pdf (TEX source at http://www.cs.umb.edu/~eb/370/hw4/ssegm.
tex). If you’re so inclined, do the homework there.
(c) Learn about the “Russian peasant” multiplication algorithm. Understand how its proof depends on the binary expansion of the factors.
Work a pretty example.
3. Write a little bit about the history of logarithms. Were they invented or
discovered ? Write down some arguments for both sides of that question.
1 Should
that sentence read “The inventions . . . are important milestones . . . ”?
1
4. The algebraic identity
an − bn = (a − b)(an−1 + an−2 b + · · · + abn−2 + bn−1 )
=
n−1
X
(1)
an−1−k bk
k=0
is one of the most important in mathematics. When n = 2 it’s the well
known identity for the difference of two squares. We’ll see soon how Euclid
proved that case – with geometry, of course, not algebra.
(a) Prove identity 1.
(b) Use identity 1 to prove that 2N − 1 can be prime (hence a Mersenne
prime) only if N is prime. (This is Exercise 4.3 in the text.)
You should be able to figure out a proof. If you can’t, consider this
hint: How might you factor axy − 1? If you must, you can look up a
proof and reproduce it in your own words.
(c) Use identity 1 to prove that 2N + 1 can be prime (hence a Fermat
prime) only if N is a power of 2.
Hint: A number is a power of 2 if and only if it has no odd factors.
5. On page 172 our text mentions the Pythagorean triple (12709, 13500, 18541)
known to the Babylonians. Show how to construct it using the characterization of primitive Pythagorean triples as (m2 − n2 , 2mn, m2 + n2 ).
6. Modify Euler’s argument from our text to prove that there are no nontrivial integral solutions to the equation
x4 − y 4 = z 4 .
This is an exercise in the book. You can use modern notation, or mimic
Euler’s style.
Here is the LATEX source for this document. You can cut it from the pdf
and use it to start your answers. I used the \jobname macro for the source file
name, so you can call your file by any name you like.
% Math 370 hw4 Spring 2014
%
\documentclass{article}
\pagestyle{empty}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amsthm}
\usepackage{hyperref}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{verbatim}
%% create an environment for theorems
\newtheorem*{thm}{Theorem}
\newcommand{\coursehome}
{http://www.cs.umb.edu/~eb/370}
\title{History of Mathematics \\
Homework 4
}
\author{Ethan Bolker}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
This homework is due on Thursday, March 6 .
Note: I’ve used some new (to you) \LaTeX{} idioms in this
document. Learn them. Make sure to submit \LaTeX{} source with your
assignment -- preferably as part of the pdf, as here.
\begin{enumerate}
\item
Write a short essay synthesizing what you learned about
mathematics and the history of mathematics from our work on the
just write a summary with names, dates and theorems. Consider telling
me what was hard, what was easy, what was fun, what you would have
liked more or less of, how the material connects to what you knew and
to what you hope to know.
\item Positional notation
In class this week we stumbled into a discussion of positional
notation in our exploration of the history of the search for big
primes.
\begin{enumerate}
\item
The invention of positional notation is an important milestone in the
history of mathematics.%
\footnote{Should that sentence read ‘‘The inventions \ldots are
important milestones \ldots’’?
}
Find out a little bit about it, and write a
paragraph or two about something you find particularly
(\url{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positional_notation} but then dig
deeper about some part that intrigues you.
\item Read the short essay at \url{\coursehome/hw4/ssegm.pdf} (\TeX{}
source at \url{\coursehome/hw4/ssegm.tex}). If you’re so inclined,
do the homework there.
\item Learn about the ‘‘Russian peasant’’ multiplication
algorithm. Understand how its proof depends on the binary expansion
of the factors. Work a pretty example.
\end{enumerate}
\item Write a little bit about the history of logarithms. Were
they \emph{invented} or \emph{discovered}? Write down some arguments
for \emph{both sides} of that question.
\item The algebraic identity
% Leaving an empty line here makes the TeX easier to read. Making it
% a comment tells TeX not to start a new paragraph.
%
\begin{align}\label{eq:anbn}
a^n - b^n & = (a-b)(a^{n-1} + a^{n-2}b + \cdots + ab^{n-2} + b^{n-1}) \\
& = \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} a^{n-1-k} b^k \notag
\end{align}
%
is one of the most important in mathematics. When $n=2$ it’s the well
known identity for the difference of two squares. We’ll see soon how
Euclid proved that case -- with geometry, of course, not algebra.
\begin{enumerate}
\item Prove identity~\ref{eq:anbn}.
\item Use identity~\ref{eq:anbn} to prove that $2^N -1$ can be prime (hence a
Mersenne prime) only if $N$ is prime. (This is Exercise 4.3 in the text.)
You \emph{should} be able to figure out a proof. If you can’t,
consider this hint: How might you factor $a^{xy} - 1$? If you must,
you can look up a proof and reproduce it in your own words.
\item Use identity~\ref{eq:anbn} to prove that $2^N +1$ can be prime (hence a
Fermat prime) only if $N$ is a power of 2.
Hint: A number is a power of 2 if and only if it has no odd factors.
\end{enumerate}
\item On page 172 our text mentions the Pythagorean triple
$(12709,13500,18541)$ known to the Babylonians. Show how to construct
it using the characterization of primitive Pythagorean triples as
$(m^2 - n^2,2mn,m^2+n^2)$.
\item Modify Euler’s argument from our text to prove that there are no
nontrivial integral solutions to the
equation
%
\begin{equation*}
x^4 - y^4 = z^4 .
\end{equation*}
This is an exercise in the book. You can use modern notation, or mimic
Euler’s style.
\end{enumerate}
\newpage
Here is the \LaTeX{} source for this document. You can cut it from the
pdf and use it to start your answers. I used the \verb!\jobname! macro
for the source file name, so you can call your file by any name you like.
\verbatiminput{\jobname}
\end{document}